U.S. Political History


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June 25, 1921 - Samuel Gompers won fortieth term as the President of the American Federation of Labor (AFL); rose to prominence in the cigar makers' union, spearheaded the cigar union's departure from the Knights of Labor in 1886 (had spent a good deal of his childhood working alongside his father in New York's cigar shops); formed a new union, the American Federation of Labor; eschewed labor's left leaning tendencies in favor of more conservative tactics.


June 30, 1921 - President Harding appointed former President Howard Taft to be Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.


September 8, 1921 - Margaret Gorman, of Washington, DC, crowned the first Miss America in Atlantic City, NJ.


October 21, 1921 - President Harding delivered the first speech by a sitting President against lynching in the deep south; advocated full civil rights for African Americans and suffrage for women; NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) reported that two African Americans per week, on average in 1920, were lynched (Harding had supported the Dyer Anti-lynching Bill in 1920; had gained support, as a presidential candidate, for his views on women’s suffrage; had faced intense opposition on civil rights for blacks).


October 23, 1921 - American Sergeant Edward Younger, in the French town of Chalons-sur-Marne, selected the body of the first "Unknown Soldier" to be honored among the approximately 77,000 United States servicemen killed on the Western Front during World War I (Army Graves Registration Service records in the U.S. National Archives in Washington indicated that four bodies, unidentified, were transported to Chalons from the cemeteries of Aisne-Marne, Somme, Meuse-Argonne and Saint-Mihiel - all sites of great battles, latter two regions were sites of two offensive operations in which American troops took a leading role in the decisive summer and fall of 1918; "The original records showing the internment of these bodies were searched and the four bodies selected represented the remains of soldiers of which there was absolutely no indication as to name, rank, organization or date of death"); chosen casket was inscribed: “An Unknown American who gave his life in the World War", traveled to Paris and then to Le Havre, France, boarded the cruiser Olympia for the voyage across the Atlantic; November 9, 1921 - unknown American soldier, who had fallen somewhere on a World War I battlefield, arrived at the nation's capital from a military cemetery.


November 11, 1921 - President Harding dedicated the Tomb of the Unknowns, at Arlington Cemetery in Virginia, during an Armistice Day ceremony.


November 23, 1921 - President Harding signed the Willis Campbell Act; anti-beer bill; forbade doctors to prescribe beer or liquor for medicinal purposes (loophole in Prohibition).


December 6, 1921 - Irish Free State, composing four-fifths of Ireland, declared; part of an historic peace agreement with Great Britain (had ruled Ireland since the 12th century), and Queen Elizabeth I of England (had encouraged the large-scale immigration of Scottish Protestants in the 16th century; Irish nationalists had launched the Easter Rising against British rule in Dublin in 1916; rebellion was crushed, but widespread agitation for independence continued; Irish Republican Army had aunched a widespread, effective guerrilla campaign against British forces in 1919; cease-fire was declared in 1921); January 1922 - faction of Irish nationalists signed a peace treaty with Britain; called for the partition of Ireland - south becoming autonomous, six northern counties remaining in the United Kingdom; December 6, 1922 - civil war broke out; 1923 - Irish Free State defeated Irish Republican forces; 1937 - Irish public adopted a constitution; declared Ireland to be "a sovereign, independent, democratic state"; Irish Free State, renamed Ýire; remained neutral during World War II; 1949 - Republic of Ireland Act severed the last remaining link with the Commonwealth.


December 23, 1921 - President Harding freed Socialist Eugene Debs and 23 other political prisoners.


January 10, 1922 - Arthur Griffith, founder of Sinn Fein in 1905, one of the architects of the 1921 peace treaty with Britain, elected president of the newly established Irish Free State (political party dedicated to independence for all of Ireland; became the unofficial political wing of militant Irish groups in their struggle to throw off British rule); died in the same year, as civil war broke out in Ireland over the partition; William Cosgrave succeeded him as Dail Eireann leader; 1923 - Irish Free State, later modern Republic of Ireland, defeated Eamon De Valera's Irish Republican forces; IRA reorganized, several years later, as an underground movement that continued its struggle for northern independence.


February 8, 1922 - President Harding had a radio installed in the White House.


February 9, 1922 - Congress voted in favor of establishing the World War Foreign Debt Commission; rounded the money owed to the U.S. to $11.5 billion; established a 62-year term, at 2% interest, for the repayment of the WW I debts; 1925 - U.S. acknowledged that loans would never be repaid in full; President Calvin Coolidge cancelled much of various governments' outstanding debts.


February 27, 1922 - 19th Amendment to the US Constitution unanimously declared constitutional; provided for female suffrage.


February 27, 1922 -  Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover called a conference to allocate radio wavelengths (500 stations broadcast on the same wavelength; Americans spent about $10 million on radio sets and parts in 1921).


April 3, 1922 - Joseph Stalin appointed as general secretary of the Communist Party.


May 30, 1922 - Former President William Howard Taft, chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, dedicated the Lincoln Memorial on the Washington Mall in Washington, DC.


June 14, 1922 - Warren Harding became the first president heard on radio; Baltimore station WEAR broadcast his speech dedicating the Francis Scott Key memorial at Fort McHenry; first president to own a radio; first to have one installed in the White House.


August 12, 1922 - Frederick Douglass’s home in Washington DC dedicated as national shrine.


August 22, 1922 - Republican extremists killed Michael Collins in an ambush in west County Cork, Ireland; had been Irish revolutionary and Sinn Fein politician, finance minister in Arthur Griffith's newly established Irish Free State.


September 21, 1922 - President Harding signed a joint resolution of approval to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine.


October 28, 1922 - Benito Mussolini took control of the Italian government; October 31, 1922 - Benito Mussolini (Il Duce) became premier of Italy.


November 17, 1922 - Siberia voted for union with the USSR.


November 17, 1922 - Kemal Atatürk deposed Mehmed VI, last sultan of Turkey; fled to Malta on British warship.


December 20, 1922 - 15 eastern European republics merged; formed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.


December 30, 1922 - Vladimir Lenin proclaimed the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - confederation of Russia, Belorussia, Ukraine, Transcaucasian Federation (divided in 1936 into the Georgian, Azerbaijan, Armenian republics); new communist state succeeded the Russian Empire; first country in the world based on Marxist socialism; Communist Party controlled all levels of government; party's politburo, with its increasingly powerful general secretary, effectively ruled the country; state owned, managed Soviet industry; agricultural land divided into state-run collective farms; eventually encompassed 15 republics (Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Belorussia, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia); 1991 - Soviet Union dissolved following the collapse of its communist government.


January 2, 1923 - Albert Fall, secretary of the U.S. Department of Interior, resigned in response to public outrage over the Teapot Dome scandal (had been responsible for 1) managing the government's vast western land holdings in the public interest, 2) ensuring adequate oil supplies for the navy in the event of war; had set aside a large oil deposit in Wyoming, known as Teapot Dome;

had bypassed the normal competitive bid process; had secretly sold leases directly, in the Elk Hills naval oil reserve in California and Teapot Dome naval oil reserve in Wyoming to Edward Doheny of the Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company and Harry Sinclair, president of Mammoth Oil; had received $85,000 and some cattle, transfer of $233,000 of Mammoth Oil's money to his son-in-law; had allowed them to exploit the supposed reserve); resignation revealed deeply corrupt relationship between western developers and the federal government; October 25,  1923 - Senate Public Lands Committee launched an investigation.


January 10, 1923 - President Harding ordered U.S. occupation troops stationed in Germany to return home (after four years of contending with a resentful German populace re: reparations associated with the Treaty of Versailles).


March 5, 1923 - Montana and Nevada adopted legislation that paved the way for state-funded pensions for elderly citizens; handed "qualifying" people over the age of 70 as much as $25; nation's first old age pension laws, pre-dated the federal Social Security Act of 1935.


March 14, 1923 - President Harding became the first chief executive to file an income tax return.


July 8, 1923 - Harding became first sitting president to visit Alaska (Metlakahtla).


July 24, 1923 - Treaty of Lausanne concluded in Switzerland; settled boundaries of modern Turkey


July 25, 1923 - German mark devalued to 600,000 Dmark=$1.


August 2, 1923 - President Harding (58) died of a stroke of apoplexy (embolism) at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco.




Samuel Hopkins Adams (1979). Incredible Era: The Life and Times of Warren Gamaliel Harding. (New York, NY: Octagon Books, 456 p. [orig. pub. 1939]). Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamaliel), 1865-1923; Presidents--United States--Biography; United States--Politics and government--1921-1923.


John W. Dean (2004). Warren G. Harding. (New York, NY: Times Books, 202 p.). Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamaliel), 1865-1923; Presidents--United States--Biography; United States--Politics and government--1921-1923.


Randolph C. Downes (1970). The Rise of Warren Gamaliel Harding, 1865-1920. (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 734 p.). Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamaliel), 1865-1923.


Robert H. Ferrell (1996). The Strange Deaths of President Harding. (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 203 p.). Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamaliel), 1865-1923 --Public opinion; Presidents--United States--Biography--History and criticism; Public opinion--United States.


Compiled by Richard G. Frederick (1992). Warren G. Harding: A Bibliography. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 386 p.). Professor of History (University of Pittsburgh at Bradford). Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamalliel), 1865-1923 --Bibliography. 


Charles L. Mee, Jr. (1981). The Ohio Gang: The World of Warren G. Harding. (New York, NY: M. Evans, 248 p.). Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamaliel), 1865-1923; Political corruption--United States; Presidents--United States--Biography; United States--Politics and government--1921-1923.


John A. Morello (2001). Selling the President, 1920: Albert D. Lasker, Advertising, and the Election of Warren G. Harding. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 112 p.). Lasker, Albert Davis, 1880-1952; Presidents--United States--Election--1920; Advertising, Political--United States.


Robert K. Murray (1969). The Harding Era; Warren G. Harding and His Administration. (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 626 p.). Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamaliel), 1865-1923.


Phillip G. Payne (2009). Dead Last: The Public Memory of Warren G. Harding’s Scandalous Legacy. (Athens, OH, Ohio University Press, 267 p.). Associate Professor of History (St. Bonaventure University). Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamaliel), 1865-1923; Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamaliel), 1865-1923 --Ethics; Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamaliel), 1865-1923 --Historiography; Presidents --United States --Biography; Political corruption --United States --History --20th century; United States --Politics and government --1921-1923. How Harding’s name became synonymous with corruption, cronyism, and incompetence; how it is used to this day as an example of what a president should not be; Harding scandals were the most infamous of the twentieth century (prior to Nixon administration); contexts and continued meaning of the Harding scandals for various constituencies; Harding’s importance as a midwestern small-town booster, his rumored black ancestry, the role of various biographers in shaping his early image, the tension between public memory and academic history, his status as an icon of presidential failure in contemporary political debates; popular president and widely mourned when he died in office in 1923; but with his death began the construction of his public memory and his fall from political grace.


Francis Russell (1968). The Shadow of Blooming Grove: Warren G. Harding and His Times. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 691 p.). Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamaliel), 1865-1923.


Eugene P. Trani and David L. Wilson (1977). The Presidency of Warren G. Harding. (Lawrence, KS: Regents Press of Kansas, 232 p.). Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamaliel), 1865-1923; United States -- Politics and government -- 1921-1923. American Presidency series.



LINKS


Major Legislation of 67th Congress (March 4, 1921-March 4, 1923) 

http://wapedia.mobi/en/67th_United_States_Congress.


Major Legislation of 68th Congress (March 4, 1923-March 4, 1925)

http://wapedia.mobi/en/68th_United_States_Congress.

 

Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)



March 4, 1921 - Warren G. Harding inaugurated as twenty-ninth President of the United States.


April 11, 1921 - Iowa became the first state to impose a cigarette tax.


May 3, 1921 - West Virginia imposed the first state sales tax.


May 19, 1921 - Congress passed the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 (Emergency Quota Act); temporarily limited the numbers of immigrants to the United States; imposed quotas based on country of birth;  calculated annual allowable quotas for each country of origin at 3% of the total number of foreign-born persons from that country recorded in the 1910 United States Census.